Washington’s growing pressure on India over its purchase of Russian crude has raised questions about the future of ties between the two countries. The latest US sanctions legislation allows tariffs of up to 100% on countries continuing to buy Russian oil and gas, with India and China among the main targets.
The development comes 25 years after Washington lifted sanctions imposed on India following its 1998 nuclear tests. This time, the dispute centres on energy security and India’s continued access to Russian crude.
A key concern in Washington appears to be avoiding a repeat of its experience with China. Over several decades, US investment, technology transfers and trade helped China expand its economy and manufacturing strength. China’s GDP grew from about $191 billion in 1980 to $19.5 trillion in 2025. Its share of global manufacturing also rose sharply.
US officials have openly said Washington does not want to repeat what they consider mistakes made in its China policy.
India, however, has maintained a policy of strategic autonomy. It sources defence equipment and energy from multiple countries based on cost, availability and national interests.
Russian crude accounted for nearly half of India’s crude imports in July 2026. With India importing more than 88% of its crude requirements, replacing Russian supplies could create economic and energy-security challenges.
India has previously weathered US sanctions, including those imposed after the 1998 nuclear tests. The restrictions were eventually removed, while bilateral relations later expanded significantly.
The current tariff threat could therefore become another major test of US-India relations, particularly as New Delhi continues to prioritise energy security and strategic independence.